AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmada postmenopozal kanamalý kadýnlard transvaginal sonografi ile ölçülen endometrium kalýnlýðýnýn histopatolojik taný ile iliþkisi olup olmadýðý araþtýrýldý.
MATERYAL-METOD: Kliðinimize postmenopozal kanama þikayeti ile müracaat eden 50 olgunun 47’si çalýþma kapsamýna alýndý. Tüm olgularýn firaksiyone küretaj yapýlmadan önce vaginal ultrasonografi ile edometrium kalýnlýklarý ölçüldü. Ultrasonografik deðerlendirme sonrasý olgulara fraksiyone küretaj uygulandý. Histopatolojik taný deðerlendirmede esas alýndý.
BULGULAR: Histopatolojik deðerlendirme sonucu olgularýn 25 (%48.93)’inde atrofik endometrium, 7 /%14.89)’sinde proliferatif endometrium, 6 (%12.76)’sýnda endometrial hiperplazi, 5 (%10.64) vakada adenokarsinom, 4 (%8.52)’ünde endometrial polip, 2 (%4.25) vakada sekretuat endometrium tesbit edildi. Vaginal ultrasonografi ile endometrium kalýnlýðý en az 0.2 cm en çok da 2.7 cm ölçüldü.
SONUÇ: Çalýþma grubumuzdaki vaka sayýsýnýn yetersiz olmasýna raðmen transvaginal sonografinin postmenopozal kanamalý kadýnlarda endometrial patolokileri ayýrtetmede tanýsal küretaj öncesi iyi bir tarama yöntemi olduðu kanýsýna varýlmýþtýr.

OBJECTIVE: in this study the relationship between the endometrial thickness measured by transvaginal ultrasonography and histopathological diagnosis in cases with postmenopausal bleeding is observed.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-seven of the 50 cases who applied to our clinic: with postmenopausal bleeding have been included in our study. Vaginal ultrasonography was done and endometrial was measured fractional curretage all the cases. After ultrasonography, fractional curretage was done. Histopathological diagnosis has been considered as the main criteria during the evaluation.
RESULTS: According to histopathological diagnosis atrophic endometrium is in 23 (48.93 %) cases, proliferative endometrium in 7(14.89 %) cases, endometrial hyperplasia in 6 (12.77 %) cases, endometrial polyp in 4 (8.25 %) cases and secretory endometrium in 2 (4.25 %) cases. Endometrial thickness measured by vaginal ultrasonography, varied between 0.2 cm and 2.7 cm.
CONCLUSION: Although we have insufficient number of cases we can conclude that transvaginal ultrasonography 
gives enough information about endometrial pathology in patients with postmenopausal bleeding before diagnostic curretage.

AMAÇ: Cilt, göz, saç rengi ve ondulasyonu her bireyde farklý kombinasyon oluþtururken, bireylerden oluþan topluma da genel bir özellik yansýmaktadýr. Türk toplumunda bu parametreleri ortaya koyan çalýþmalarýn azlýðý nedeniyle bu araþtýrmayý planladýk.
MATERYAL-METOD: Her iki cinsi de içeren 15 yaþýn üzerindeki 500 birey araþtýrýldý.
BULGULAR VE SONUÇ: Popülasyonun %74’ünün kahverengi ve siyah saç rengi, %40 ile en çok buðday ten ve %90.8 ile en çok kahverengi göz rengi; saç ondulasyonu olarak ise en çok %60 ile düz saç, %37 ile de dalgalý saç özelliðini gösterdiðini belirledik.

OBJECTIVE: Undulation of hair and colors of skin, eye and hair make different combinations in every person. This reflects to society as a general feature. Because there are very few reviews about these parameters in Turkish people, we designed this study.
STUDY DESIGN: 500 persons from two sexes, above the age of l 5 were included.
CONCLUSION: Our results show 74% ol the population had brown and black hair, 40% had dark skin, 90.8% had brown eye color, 60% had straight hair and 37% had undulated hair.

AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmada 5 yaþýndan sonra febril konvülsiyon (FK) geçiren çocuklarýn klinik ve elektroansefalografik açýsýndan araþtýrýlmasý amaçlanmýþtýr.
MATERYAL-METOD: 1990-1995 yýllarý arasýnda Þiþli Etfal Hastanesi Möroloji Kliniði Epilepsi Polikiniðinde izlenen, 5 yaþýndan sonra bir veya birden fazla FK geçiren 16 hasta çalýþmaya alýnmýþtýr. Hastalarýn tümünde doðum tarihi, doðum ve motor-mental geliþim öyküsü, özgeçmiþ ve soygeçmiþ özellikleri, FK’larýn baþlangýç yaþý, sýklýðý, süresi,nöbet þekli, nöbetten önce ölçülen ateþ anne ve babalardan ayrýntýlý olarak öðrenilmiþtir. Hastalar yolda ortalama iki kez görülmüþ ve en az bir kez elektroansefalografik (EEG) incelemeleri yinelenmiþtir.
BULGULAR: Olgularýmýzýn 3 tanesi kýz, 13 tanesi erkek olarak belirlenmiþtir. Beþ hastada ilk FK 5 yaþýndan sonra, 11 tanesinde ise 6 ay ile 4 yaþ arasýnda görülmüþtür. Nöbetlerin hemen hemen hepsi kýsa süreli jeneralize tonikklonik konvülsiyonlar olarak tarif edilmiþtir. Ýzleme süresi 2-5 yýl arasýnda deðiþmektedir. Hastalarýn 3 tanesinde yinelenen EEG’lere patoloji saptanmamýþ, diðerlerinde ise hafif yaygýn yavaþlama, projete tipte deþarj, jeneralize diken-dalga deþarjlarý ve fokal sivri dalgalar görülmüþtür. Olgularýn hiçbirinde izleme döneminde epilepsi geliþmemiþtir.
SONUÇ: Beþ yaþýndan sonra FK geçiren veya geçirmeye devam eden ve EGG’lerinde anomali saptanan hastalarýn geliþebilecek idiopatik jeneralize epilepsi açýsýndan yakýndan izlenmesi gerektiði sonucuna varýlmýþtýr.

OBJECTIVE: ln this study we have perfromed clinical and electroencephalographic investigations on children who had febrile convulsions after the age of five years cmd determined the possibilitiy of epilepsy development.
STUDY DESIGN: Children who had been followed by the Neurology Clinic of Hospital and who had at least febrile afier the age of five years were included in the study. in all patients the following were gathered from the parents: date of birth, psycho-motor development, past-history and family history, onset, frequency and duration of febrile convulsions, type of seizure and fever before febriler convulsion. The patients were examined twice a year and had at least one electroencephalographic (EEG) investigation.
RESULTS: Of the 16 patients 13 were male and 3 were female. In 5 patients the first febrile convulsion was observed after the age of five years and in the rest between 6 moths and 4 years. The follow-up period was between 2 to 5 years. In three patients the repeated EEG investigations were normal, whereas in others there were milf generalized disorganization, generalized spike-wave paroxysms and focal sharp-wave activity.
CONCLUSION: It was concluded that children with febrile convulsions after 5 years of age should be followed carefully for the possibility of developing idiopathic generalized epilepsy particulary if they have abnormal EEG findings.

AMAÇ: Fasiyal paralizi rekonstrüksiyonu için temporal kas transferi sonuçlarýnýn deðerlendirilmesi.
MATERYAL ve METOD: Son 8 yýlda kliðinimizde 18 fasiyal paralizili hastaya rekonstrüksiyon uygulandý. Bu 18 hastanýn 12'sinde dinamik yöntemler, 6’sýnda statik yöntemler uygulandý. Statik yöntem olarak tensor fasya lata ile askýlama ve yüz germe uygulandý. Dinamik yöntem olarak temporal kas transferi tercih edildi. 2 olguda masseter kasý 1/2 ön da transfere dahil edildi. Kas transferi sonrasý 10. günde rehabilitasyona baþlandý. Olgular en kýsa 6 ay en uzun 4 yýl süre ile takip edildi.
BULGULAR: Büyük genç ve orta grubu olan hastalarýn etyolojisinde tümör, travma, anomali ve enfeksiyon mevcuttu. Kozmetik ve fonksiyonel sonuçlar dinamik yöntem gruhunda statik yöntem grubuna kýyasla daha baþarýlýydý.
SONUÇ: Temporal kas transferi uygulanan hastalarda istirahat esnasýnda simetri, istemli hareket sýrasýnda 
yeterli kontrollu denge ve kabul edilebilir oral, okuler sfinkter kontrolü saðlandý.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the results of temporal muscle used in reconstruction of facial paralysis.
STUDY DESIGN: 18 patients with facial paralysis have heen operated in our clinic during 8 years. Dynamic reconstruction methods were used 12 patients, where as 6 patients had static reconstruction methods. Static method was a comhination of oral commissure with tensor fascia lata and face lifting. Dynamic method was primarily muscle transfer for both oral and ocular sphincter control. in two patients 1/2 anterior of the masseter muscle was transferred as well. Rehahilitaion programs were started on the tenth postoperative day. The minimum and maximum follow up periods were six months and four years respectively.
RESULTS: Patient population was constituted hy young and adult patients with different etiologies such as trauma, congenital anomalies and injection. Cosmetic and functional results were superior in dynamic method group compared to method group.
CONCLUSIONS: The patients who underwent temporal muscle transfer obtained symmetry at rest, adequaty controlled balance at the time of voluntary movement, and acceptable oral and ocular sphineter control.

AMAÇ: Menepozal dönemde hipoöstrojeneminin yol açtýðý semptomlarla baþvuran olgularda Estradiol valerat-Siproteron asetat ve Tibolon kullanýmýnýn kýsa dönemde etkisinin gösterilmesi istendi.
MATERYAL METOD: Bu çalýþmaya 66 olgu alýndý. 36 olguya 11 gün 2 mg Estradiol-17 valerat ve takip eden 10 gün 2 mg Estradiol-17 valerat-1 mg Asetat oral olarak verildi. Tedaviye 7 gün ara verilerek 3 ay devam edildi. Tedavi öncesi ve sonrasý SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Üre Kreatinin düzeyleri saptandý. Tedavi öncesi ve sonrasý klimakterik yakýnmalar skorlandý. Her iki ilacýn semptomlar üzerine etkisi deðerlendirildi ve tedavi gruplarý birbiri ile kýyaslandý.
BULGULAR: Ateþ basmasý, parestezi, sinirlilik, vertigo yorgunluk, formikasyon semptomlarýnda her iki ilacýn kýsa dönemde etkili olduðu saptandý (p<0.01). Ýnsomnia, depresyoni artralji, miyalji, baþ aðrýsý, çarpýntý, pollaküri, deri kuruluðu semptomlarýnda Estradiol Valerat-Siproteron Asetatýn etkili (p<0.05), Tibolonun etkisinin az olduðu (p>0.005) belirlendi. Kýsa süreli tedavi sonrasý unutkanlýk semptomunda her iki grupta da anlamlý bir fark bulunamadý (p>0.05).
SONUÇ: Menopozda ortaya çýkan semptomplar hormon
replasman tedavisi (HRT) ile kontrol altýna alýnabilmektedir. Bu amaçla Estradiol Valerat Siproteron Asetat ve Tibolon kullanýmý etkili olmaktadýr.

OBJECTIVE: in this study we aimed to show the effect of Estradiol Volerate-Siproterone Acetate and Tibolon use in patients who are at menopausa and who have been admitted to the hospital with symptoms resulted from hypoestrogenemia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: in this study we have included 66 patients. To 36 of patients we have administered 2 mg estradiol-17 valerate for 2 days and 2 mg Estradiol-17 Valerate 1 mg Siproteron Acetate for the following 36 days. We stopped the drug treatment for 7 days and continued the same the next 3 months. To the second group consisted of 30 patients; we have given 2.5 mgldaily Tibolon (oral) continously. We measured the blood levels of SGOT, SGPT. ALP-Urea, and creatinin before and after treatment. We scored the climacteric complaints befor and after treatment. We evaluated the ejfects of both drugs on the relief of symptoms and compared each group with each other. RESULTS: We have observed that both effective forthe relief of symptoms such as flushing, paresthesia, vertigo.fatigue, and nervousness in a short period of time. (p<0.01) We have found that Estradiol Valerate-Siproterone Acetate is effective (p<0.05) and Tibolon is less effective for the symptoms like insomnia, depression, arthralgia, myalgia, headache, palpitations, pollakuria, and dry skin. In short term drug treatment there wasn’t any meaningful difference between the two groups on improvement (p>0.05).
CONCLUSION: Symptoms that are seen in menapause can he relieved (controlled) by hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Estradiol Valerate and Siproterone Acetate and Tibolon is effective in this respect.


AMAÇ: ilk trimester gebelerde ultrasonografik bulgu ve maternal serum Beta-HCG düzeylerinin prognozu belirlemedeki rolü araþtýrýldý.
MATERYAL ve METOD: 5-12 gebelik 42 asemptomatik gebe ile, abortus imminens 35 gebe, 12. haftaya dek izlendi. Ultrasonograjik deðerlendirmeleri yapýldý ve serum Beta-HCG düzeyleri RfA yöntemiyle ölçüldü.
BULGULAR: Abortus imminens 13'ü, asemptomatik ise sadece biri spontan abortus ile sonuçlanmýþtýr. Ahortus imminens gebelik kese ölçümleri, asemptomatik olanlara göre istatistiksel olarak daha küçük (<0.01). Gebelik kesesi ölçümleriyle serum Beta-HCG düzey eðrileri deðerlendirildiðinde kontrol grubu yer almayan abortus imminens % 57’lik düþük oraný saptandý.
SONUÇ: Abortus imminens ile gebelerin prognozu gebelik kesesi çepý-serum Beta-HCG düzey eðrileriyle belirlenebilir.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of ultrasonographic findings and maternal serum Beta-HCG levels in assessing prognosis in first trimester pregnancies presenting with bleeding.
STUDY DESING: 42 asymptomatic patients and 35 patients diagnosed as abortus imminens, between 5-12 weeks of pregnancy, were observed until 12 weeks of pregnancy. Ultrasonography was performed and serum Beta-HCG levels were determined by RIA.
RESULTS: 13 pregnancies in the abortus imminens group
and 1 in the asymptomatic group resulted with spontaneous abortion. The gestational sac diameter in the abortus imminens group was smaller than in the asymptomatic group, this was statistically significant (p<0.01). When the graphic plot between sac diameter -values and serum Beta-HCG values was evaluated, the abortus rate was found to be 57 % in the abortus imminens cases which were not within the control group range.
CONCLVSION: Prognosis in immineris cases can be determined by gestational sac diameter -serum Beta- HCG values plotted against a standard graphic.