OBJECTIVE: in this study, surgical pathology specimens sent for frozen section with purposes such as getting a primary diagnosis, assesment of surgical margins, metastatic lymph nodes and searching for ganglion cells in rectal biopsies have been reevaluated and compared with the parafjin section diagnosis.
STUDY DESİGN: Of 11604 cases examined in our laboratuary between October 1997 and December 1999. 28,50 % (3348 cases) were sent for cytological examinatton. 325 specimens belonging to 233 cases were examined with frozen section. Before frozen section alsa imprint preparations were made in certain cases, where we thought it could be of great diagnostic value.
RESULTS: We compared the frozen section and paraffin section diagnosis on a basis of the total number of the specimens, reevaluated the cases with discordant diagnosis or cases in which the diagnosis were postponed to paraffin section and tried to put forth its possible causes. Accuracy rate 97 %, sensitivity 94%, specifity 95%.
CONCLUSIONS: The aim of our study was to asses the frequency of frozen section, to det ermine its indications, to find out the false positivity and false negatiyity rates, the reasons, when the diagnosis was postponed to paraffin section, to search far the possible causes of our mistakes.

OBJECTIVE: in this study we evaluated treatment and follow up results of patients who were treated of Nasopharynx cancer in years of 1989 1997.
STUDY DESIGN: In years of 1989-1997, 125 Nasopharynx cancer patients were followed up in Şişli Etfal Hospital, Radiation Oncology Clinic. We evaluated 69 patients who were followed up for more than 6 months.
RESULTS: 19of patients are female, 50 of patients are male. The youngest patient was 9 years old, the o/dest patient was 75 years old. The most common hystologic type is undifferantial carcinoma (56 patients). 2 of patients are with metastatic disease when they first arrived. During the treatment metastases occured in 15 patients. The most common metastatic site in bone. Treatment methodş are; in 15 patients radiotherapy, in 54 patients combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Loca/ recurrens is seen in 6 patients and they were given second /ine radiotherapy. Disease free survival for ali stages was 14 mounths. During the following 46 patients were exitus. 23 patients have been stili followed up.
CONCLUSION: Due to lymphatic disease and showing common metastases, Nasopharnx cancer are differ from the other head and neck cancers. lnvation of lymphatic nodes /rom the upper to the lower, survival comes short. lf bilateral lymph nodes are involved, prognosis is worse.

OBJECTIVE: In pediatric ophthalmology the most common disorder managed surgicall is strabismus. The aim of this study was to evaluate if there are any changes in corneal topography ajier strabismus surgery.
STUDY DESIGN: This measurement is done by CMS- 1 corneal topography apparatus. This method is chosen because corneal topography is superior to other conventional corneal curvature measurement techniques. This method is not ejfected from eye lid edema, photophobia, ete. This study covers 49 eyes of 31 patients. The eyes operated only for one muscle and the eyes operated for more than one muscle are evaluated and the differences are statistically analyzed. Also the patients were divided in two groups as 5-14 years of age and 15-35 years of age. The measurements taken before surgery and after surgery on 3rd day, 10 th day, 2 months and 6 months.
RESULTS: Results indicate that immediately in post op. period there are some changes in astigmatic values. The measurements taken in the first two months were statistically important but in six month period these changes turn to _be meaningless and most of aztigmatic values turned back to the preoperative level. One or more muscle surgery does not effct the outcome even though there are somefluctuations in refractive changes during 6 month period.
CONCLUSION: Through this time period if the patient has any subjective complaints such as blurring ard!or if the vision quality gets worse objectively we have to consider changing the eye glasses, if not the patient may continue wearing the same eye glasses prescribed before.

OBJECTIVE: Arterial rigidity is closeıy related with the risk of cardiovascular mortality and increased in hemodialysis cases. in this study we examined the effects of ultrafiltration on arterial rigidity in hemodialytic patients.

MATERIAL AND METHOD: 26 end stage renal failure patients included the study and the pulse wave velosity is measured with complior instrument, using carotid andfemoral arteries.

RESULTS: In the last term renal failure patients, it is found that there is a positive correlation between the age. the body weight, the sytolic blood pressure and the pulse wave velocity. it is determined that the ultrafiltration didn‘t significant decrease the pulse wave velocity.

CONCLUSION: During hemodialysis process, the ultrafiltration which is done for purpose of arterial blood pressure and reaching the net weight in the patients doesn‘t decrease pulse wave velosity significantly.

OBJECTIVE: In this study we evaulated the treament and follow-up of patients with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
STUDY DESIGN: 279 patients treated at our clinc between years 1989-1999fo r NHL were studied retrospecitvely with regard to treatment methods used and survival rates.
RESULTS: Out of 279 patients, 166 were above 50 years of age, Male/Female ratio: 211, 184 patient were male. 95 patients were female..59.1% (1 6 5 p o e p le ) lymphatic locality, 17.85% ( 49 people) gastrointestinal system, 16.4% ( 46 people) Tonsil - waldayer, 2 persons, intracranial, 10 bone, and 6 other zone implacement.
CONCLUSION: Allpatients receved CHOP as primer chemotherapy, 5 years survival rates weer 70% for patients in stage 1 and 2, fo r stage 3 and 4 it was found to be 55%.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate incidence o f consanguineous marriages in our patient population and education level, age of marriage and fertility in this group.

STUDY DESIGN: A randomised study with an inquiry of 29 questions carried out on 246 women who applied to Family Planning Center at Sisli Etfal Education and Research Hospital between March - June 1999.

RESULTS: Incidence of consanguineous marriages is 24.8%. Incidence of working, age of marriage, owened child number, number of wanted children and children owened as planned are as follows in women with and without consanguineous marriages respectively: 9.9% and 90.1%, 4.5 and 7.4, 18.1 and 2 0.4, 2.9 and 2.1, 2.9 and 2.1, 1.83 and 1.53.

CONCLUSION: Incidence of consanguineous marriages in our population is 24.8%. Women married at young age, with low education level and having many children constitutes this group. Every kind of communication technology should be used in informing this group to bring up healthy generations and raise socioecomic standards.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the results of colonicperforations operated in our clinic.
MATERIAL AND METHOD: Between 1995-1999, twenty five large bowel tumor obstruction cases were admitted to our surgical clinic. 7 of those cases (28%) were found to have perforation of large bowel and included to our study.
RESULTS: Four of these 7 patients were male and 3 were female. The mean age was 64. Anatomical localization of the perforations was the surrounding the tumor region in three patients and caecum in four patients. Ali tumors were T4 and only 3 of them were resectable. There was no operative mortality. 3 of patients are alive and still being followed by our clinic.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine effects ofTibolone to serum estrogen levels and hypoestrogenic index in the natural and surgical menopause patients.
METHODS: A total of52 women who have attended to Sisli Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital 3rd Obstetric and Gynecology Outpatient Clinic are evaluated. in ali patients, before and 6 months after therapy, serum estrogen value and hypoestrogenic index were determined.
RESULTS: Before and after therapy with tibolone;the median levels of plasma estrogen was 16.3 ± 5.7 pg!ml and 38.7 ± 24.5 pglml respectively. This increase of estrogen after therapy was statistically significant ( p<0.01 ). When hypoestrogenic index examined: before and after therapy with tibolone: hypoestrogenic index was 5.0 ± 0.8, 3.4 ± 1.0 respectively. This decrease was not statistically significant (p>0.05).
CONCLUSION: With this regard, in the postmenopausal therapy we think that plasma estradiol levels are useful and better than hypoestrogenic index

OBJECTIVES: To determine the median age of natural menopause who have attended to Sisli Etfal Hospital 3rd Obstetric and Gynecology Outpatient Clinic and whether smoking, socioeconomic status and parity affecting that age.
METHODS: A total of women who have attended to Şişli Etfal Hospital 3rd Obstetric And Gynecology Outpatient Clinic are investigated. 241 of patients who had had naturalmenopause defined as cessation of menstruation for at least 12 months at the end of reproductive years were evaluated. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and face to face interviews and included smoking, parity and socioeconomic variables.
RESULTS The median age ofthe natural menopause in our patients is 47.8 ± 3.1 years. This is significantly lower than the median age reportedfrom the Western countries (50.3 years). 17 of our patients were nulliparous (7.2 %); 224 of those were multiparous. The median age of menopause in nulliparous and multiparous was 45.9 ± 2.2, 47.9 + 3.0 respectively(p<0.05). Smoking and socioeconomic status did not related to menopausel age (p>0.05 ).
CONCLUSION: Nowing the factors that decreases the avarege menopausal age will help us to increase this age together with the proper and time the diagnosis all the cases will also increase life quality after menopausal age and in circumtances of our country this study showes that we will need to have many more studies with many more cases. The subjet median age of the menopouse was signiticanfly related to parity (p<0,05 ).

PURPOSE: Oligodendrogliomas is of 1-5% of primary intracranial tumors in adults. Adjuvant radiotherapy is suggestedfollowing maximal surgical resection. This study retrospectively evaluates the oligodendroglioma cases who applied to our clinic in 10 years.
MATERIALAND METHOD: 615 cases with intracranial tumors applied to our clinic between 1985-1999. 14 patients had oligodendrogliomas (2.27%). 6 werefemale and 8 were male. (Female!Male: 314). The most common age range was endroglioma-astrocytoma. in ali patients the tumor had supratentorial localization. The tumor was in the frontal lobe in 5, parietal lobe in 4, parietooxypital lobes in 3, temporal lobe in 1, and frontotemporoparietal lobes in 1 patient. According to Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS); 6 patients were at 90%, 5 were at 70%, 1 was at 50%, 1 was at 30%, 1 was at 10% status. The mostfrequent surgery was subtotal resection (7 patients-50%). 4 patients were at stage 2a, 7 at stage 2b, 3 at stage 4. 12 patinets ad total cranial, 2 had partial cranial radiotherapy, 11 patients had postoperative radiotherapy, 3 inoperable patients had radiotherapy following biopsy. 3 patients had palliative total cranial radiotherapy of 30 Gy! 10 fraction due to low KPS, 9 had total cranium+boost radiotherapy of total 46-60 Gy/23-30 fraction, 2 had partial cranial radiotherapy of 50 Gy/25 fraction.
RESULTS: 5 of our patients currently survive disease-free, 9 are excitus, 6 had no disease-free survival, and 8 had an average disease free survival of 26 months. The mean survival is 19.7 mounths (3-55 months). lf the patient‘s condition is appropriate, partial cranial radiotherapy yields the longest disease-free and total survival times. (The mean disease-free survival is 38.5 months and the total survival is 41 months).

OBJECTIVE: We planned this study, to investigate the effectiveness of tenoxicam as an preemptive analgesic agent, on postoperative pain control after the arthroscopic procedures.
STUDY DESIGN: After the approval by the medical Ethics Committee, 40 patients in ASA I-II randomized into two groups. Patients in Group I received 20 mg tenoxicam intravenously before the operation. in Group II no medication was used. Pain was assessed with Visual Analogue Scale was (VAS) at the postoperative 1., 4., 8., 12. and 24. hours. 1 g metamizol sodium was given to the patients intramuscularly when they needed analgesia. The number of analgesic usage and total analgesic consumption was calculatedfor the postoperative 24 hours. Student‘ s t and Anova tests were usedfor the statistical analyses and p<0.05 was considered as significant.
RESULTS: VAS values were significantly lower in Group I at 1., 4. and 8. hours. There was not any significant difference at the postoperative 12. and 24. hours between the groups. Time to the first analgesic dose was significantly longer in Group I than Group II. Number of analgesic usage and total analgesic consumption was lower in Group I than Group II. The difference was significant.
CONCLUSION: We suggest that; tenoxicam is an effective analgesic agent when used before the arthroscopic procedures.